英语阅读:考研英语一阅读答案解析

英语阅读:考研英语一阅读答案解析已经公布啦，考研的真题有助于考生在复习时更加关注重点题型，提高复习效率。各位同学们参考如下文章内容，期盼各位考生都能一战成硕。

英语阅读:考研英语一阅读答案解析

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This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s

out-of-control monster.

1. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it

A. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.

B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.

C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.

D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.

2. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness

A. helps explain artificial intelligence.

B. can be misleading to robot making.

C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.

D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.

3. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

A. can hardly ever be found.

B. is still beyond our capacity.

C. causes little public concern.

D. has aroused much curiosity.

4. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of

A. affirmation.

B. skepticism.

C. contempt.

D. respect.

5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

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30. 【C】involves some concerns raised by AI today; 通过题干 Mary Shelly’s novel Frankenstein 及题文同序原则可定位至文章第一段，在该段尾句,fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come. 此句中 ethical questions 可同义替换题干中的concern。故 C 为正选。

31. 【D】is too limited for us to reproduce it;观点细节题。可通过关键词 consciousness 回文定位至原文第 2 段尾句部分：we are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. 可知我们将意识注入机器的能力是有限的，因为没有好的理论可以解释。

32. 【B】is still beyond our capacity;根据题干关键词可定位至文章第 3 段,AI “vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is

a difficult programming problem.该句说到：当下，人工智能的思维还不能达到人类的精密程度，

去让机器去预设每一种驾驶情形是一个困难的编程问题。由此说明，去解决人工智能自动驾驶 汽车所带来的道德问题，是在人类的能力范围之外的。

33. 【A】affirmation;态度题 ，根据题干中的 the author’s attitude ,Google’s pledges.回文定位到第八段，开头 while 表让步，while the statement is vague, 与 vague 相反的即是作者的观点，所以表示正向情感的词即是正解。所以选 affirmation, 表示确定。

34. 【C】The Conscience of AI: Complex but inevitable;主旨题。本文首段通过引用 Mary Shelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题新技术所引发的道德问题。特别是在最后一段指出 AI 所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及。全篇复现了 AI 和 conscience 这两个关键词，所以答案选 C

【全文翻译】

今年正好是玛丽雪莱的小说《弗兰肯斯坦——现代普罗米修斯》出版的第 200 年甚至在发明电灯泡之前，这位作家就创立出了一本精彩的推理小说，它预示了很多还没有到来的科技所 带来的伦理问题。

今天人工智能(AI)的快速发展提出了一些基本的问题: 什么是智能身份或者意识为什么让人类成为人类?

我们所说的通用人工智能, 就是会模拟人类思维方式的机器一直困扰着科学家，但是人类仍然对研究出像人类一样会看、会走、会回答的机器人这样的想法十分着迷，就像最近风靡的 科幻电视剧《西部世界》以及《人类》中所描写的机器人。

斯坦福大学的神经学家大卫·伊格曼说，仅仅是人类的思维方式就因为太复杂而很难理解了，更别说复制了。“我们正处于这样一种情况: 没有好的理论可以解释意识到底是什么，以及如何制造一个具有意识的机器。”

但是那并不意味着有关人工智能的关键伦理问题还没有出现。比如即将来临的无人驾驶汽 车的应用就带来了一些尖锐的伦理问题，有时候人类司机必须在一瞬间做出决定，他们的反应 可能是很多复杂因素综合作用的结果，包括瞬间反应、以前的驾驶经验以及他们的眼睛和耳朵 在那一刻给他们的反馈，当今人工智能的“洞察力”在复杂程度上根本无法和人类相提并论，并 且遇见所有可能会出现的驾驶情况是一个困难的编程问题。

一家总部位于新加坡的机构的 CEO 陈杰豪表示，每当基于大量的数据作出决定时，你很快会面临很多伦理问题，这个机构正在协助政府建立一套人工智能应用的伦理自愿行为规范。跟 随新加坡的步伐，其他的政府和大型机构已开始制定自己的规范，英国正在建立一个数据伦理 中心，今年春天印度发布了自己的人工智能伦理策略。

6 月 7 日，谷歌公司正保证不会“设计和利用”那些会带来“全面伤害”的人工智能，也不会研发人工智能控制的武器，或者使用人工智能进行违反国际准则的监视活动。谷歌公司还保证 不会利用那些违反国际法或者侵犯人权的人工智能。

尽管这个声明是含糊的，但它代表了一个起点。人工智能体系所做出的决定应当是可以解 释的、透明的和公平的，这个观点也是一个起点。

换句话说，我们怎样才能保证智能机器人的思维可以反映人类最高的价值观?只有到那时 候他们才会成为有用的仆人，而不是像弗兰肯斯坦那样不可控制的怪物。

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