考研练习:26考研英语阅读答案及解析

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考研练习:26考研英语阅读答案及解析

Text 1

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

1. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to

A. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility.

B. help corporations achieve larger profits.

C. build a new system of financial regulation.

D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.

2. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

A. the conditions for generating quick profits.

B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.

C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.

D. “short-termism” in economic activities.

3. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be

A. indirect.

B. adverse.

C. minimal.

D. temporary.

4. The US and France examples are used to illustrate

A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”

B. the significance of long-term thinking.

C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”

D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.

5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue

C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

Text 1

1. 【A】enhance banker's sense of responsibility;细节题。题目中明确出题段落(According to Paragraph 1)及相应的信息点(one motive in imposing the new rule)，因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution 这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中 的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance banker's sense of responsibility(增加银行的责任感)”;而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。

2. 【D】"short-termism" in economic activities;细节题。题干中的定位信息在“Alfred Marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting...”，定位信息里的“this financial impatience”则是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息点则为“Short-termism”，所以 最佳选项则为 "short-termism" in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及。

3. 【B】 adverse;细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看 indirect、minimal 和 temporary 为中性的表述，只有 B 选项的 adverse 为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”(阻碍打扰)对应上。

4. 【C】the approaches to promoting "long-termism" ;例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状;第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致;

5. 【B】Patience as a Corporate Virtue;主旨题。题干中的 title 为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意;B 选项里的 patience 可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词

“short-termism”和“long-termism”，corporate 本身在文章中出现多次，所以 B 选项则为最近标题，体现主旨大意;其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。

【全文翻译】

针对各大银行的老板，英国金融监管机构强制推行了一条相当反常的规定。明年起，如果他们所领导的银行因不法行为而接受调查，那么其高管的任何保证奖金将被推迟十年发放。该“收回款”规定的主要目的是让银行家为有害的冒险行为负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。 然而官员们也希望获得更大的利益，不仅是银行，所有企业都要做出更长期的举决策，为子孙后代建设更强大的经济基础。

“短期效益主义”和对快速获利的渴望在上市公司中变得更加严重，英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁·霍尔丹说。他引用了一位古典经济学家巨人阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的例子，将这种经济 上的耐心不足的行为描述为“孩子们会把布丁里的李子立即拿出来吃”，而不是将李子放在一边 等最后再吃的情景。

他指出，近几十年来，美国和英国投资者持有股票的平均时间从七年缩减到七个月。要求 通过企业获得高额季度利润的短期投资者可能会阻碍公司为长期研究或者提高客户忠诚度进行投资所做的努力。这被戏称为“季度资本主义”。

此外，新的数字技术使得股票交易更快速，信息使用更便捷，因此导致金融市场注意力持 续时间更短。“以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维似乎占了主导地位，”美国证券交易委员会专员丹尼尔·加拉格尔本周在一次演讲中表示。

在美国，《2002 年萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》以迫使大多数上市公司将高管的绩效奖金推迟约一年发放，这在一定程度上有助于减少短期效益主义。《华尔街日报》在其最新的 CEO 薪酬调查中发现，现在高管薪酬的很大一部分与业绩挂钩。

在公司内部，正确的薪酬设计可以激励高管除了考虑自己在公司的机会外，还要站在所有股 东的角度思考。英国的新规则提醒银行家们，社会对他们的表现感兴趣，不仅是短期的还有长期的。

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