考研英语一阅读理解及答案解析

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考研英语一阅读理解及答案解析

Text 4

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".

The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth. Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society— that all are equal in treatment by government— is undermined.

Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

21. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court

[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.

[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.

[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.

22. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves

[A] concrete returns for gift-givers. [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.

[C] leaking secrets intentionally. [D] breaking contracts officially.

23. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are

[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.

[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.

[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.

24. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to

[A] awaken the conscience of officials.

[B] guarantee fair play in official access.

[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.

[D] inspire hopes in average people.

25. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is

[A] sarcastic. [B] tolerant. [C] skeptical. [D] supportive.

Text 4

答案：36-40 CACBD

1. 答案【C】was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

解析：根据题干中的关键词 The underlined sentence (para. 1)，可以快速的回到原文精确定位到第一段的划线句子，But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seekingaccess to government. 联系文章第一句话，虽然最高法院没有判定 Robert McDonnell 受贿罪，但是 holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, 即，在道德上却对他的行为嗤之以鼻。由此可以锁定 C 选项中的 was contemptuous of 法院其实非常轻视 Robert McDonnell 的行为。文章的 D 选项中出现 ethics，原文中相同的词，可能会混淆考生的思维，但是，此句话说的是拒绝从道德的标准评论 Robert McDonnell 的行为。

2. 答案【A】concrete returns for gift-givers

解析：根据题干中给出的信息，可知这一题是对文章第四段理解，由第四段推理出正确答案。 从第四段第二句But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits 可以知道， 对腐败的定义的条件是，受贿者给予了行贿者具体有形的好处(作为回报)，concrete returns 是对第四段第 2 句忠告 concrete benefits 的同义替换，由此可以得出答案为 A.项正确。

3. 答案【C】 justified in addressing the needs of their constituents

解析：根据题干中的关键词 The court’s ruling is don the assumption 可以锁定文章的第五段第 3 句后半句 assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”可以知道，法院的裁定是建立听取其选民的意见，按照他们的利益行事。所以原文中的 constituents 对应 A 选项的 supporters，支持者。所以答案选择 C。

4. 答案【B】guarantee fair play in official access.

解析：根据题干中的关键词 Well-enforced laws in government transparency 可以锁定文章的第六 段 This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.但是从这句话中找不到所需的信息，从 this type of 可以知道这句话与前面的句子联系紧密，因而可以追溯到这一段的第一句话，But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. 执法力度需要加强市民及其当选代表，而不是法院获得接近政府的平等的机会。equality 与 B 选项的fair play 相对应，因此选 B.

5. 答案【D】supportive.

解析：本题考察的是态度题，从文中最后一句话: The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.可以看出作者认为法院的裁定是进步的： a step forward，，因此可以看出作者对此的态度是 supportive. sarcastic: 尖酸的，挖苦的;tolerant：宽容的，容忍的;skeptical：怀疑的。

【全文翻译】

在一项罕见的无异议裁决中，美国最高法院推翻了对弗吉尼亚前州长罗伯特.麦克唐纳的贪污定罪。不过最高法院在做此裁决的同时，也对麦克唐纳行为的伦理问题嗤之以鼻，其 行为包括从一家谋求接近政府的公司接手劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。

高等法院的裁决表明，在麦克唐纳先生的案件中，法官没有告诉陪审团，必须只调查他的“公务行为”，或者说是前州长在与其职责相关的“特定”“待定”等问题上所做的决定。

法官指出，仅仅帮助送礼的人获取接近其他官员的机会并不算腐败，除非带有明确的目 的向官员施压。

最高法院的确暗示接受他人为“开后门儿”而给的好处是令人反感的和卑鄙的。但根据 反贿赂法，必须是实实在在的好处才能构成腐败，比如批准合同和法规。仅仅安排一次见面 打个电话或者主持一个活动并不是公务行为。

最高法院的裁决在法律上合理地界定了一种不违法的偏袒行为。当选的官员被准许帮助 其支持者解决政务问题，而不用担心被起诉贪污。最高法院首席法官约翰·罗伯茨写道:“构 成代议制政府基础的基本契约规定政府官员必须听从选民的呼声，并对他们关注的问题采取 相应的措施。”

但是，该裁决加强了公民及其所选代表，而非法院，确保公平接近政府的必要性。官员， 绝不能仅仅因为某个人或者团体提供了竞选捐赠和私人礼物，就在提供信息和安排会面时对其有所偏袒。这种公正需要在官方会议记录、游说规则以及每位当选领导财富来源信息等政府透明度方面强有力的法律。

官员接见中存在的偏袒行为会刺激公众对腐败的看法，但它不一定就是腐败。官员必须避免使用双重标准，避免对普通人和有钱人采取不同的接见方式。如果金钱可以买通人脉的 话，一个民主社会的基本前提—所有人应该被政府平等对待—就被破坏了。善政良治靠的是 对每个公民内在的价值的充分理理解。

最高法院的裁决是在与腐败和官方偏袒的斗争中向前迈进了一步。

具体信息请考生关注院校官网等发布的官方消息。

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