考研刷题推荐:考研英语二阅读答案及解析

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考研刷题推荐:考研英语二阅读答案及解析

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Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still

have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

21. The time needed in making decisions may .

[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation

22. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions .

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

23. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should .

[A] trust our first impression

[B] think before we act

[C] do as people usually do

[D] ask for expert advice

24. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on .

[A] critical assessment

[B] “thin sliced” study

[C] adequate information

[D] sensible explanation

25. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is .

[A] tolerant

[B] optimistic

[C] uncertain

[D] doubtful

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19. 【答案解析】正确答案是A。细节题。根据题干关键词time 定位到第一段if we take a moment …hardwired responses 处。该处说明我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。第二段第二句话以 But 这一转折连词引导，为重点关注信息，“但是，我们需要更多的时间来评估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句，也很明显地揭示出本题正确答案，尤其是第三句中的“accurately” 一词和A 项中的“accuracy”为同词异形，故此项为正确答案。

20. 【答案解析】正确答案是 A。细节题。由题干的关键信息“fastfood logo”定位到第三段。第三段开头就提到，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快作为例证。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地(unconsciously)将“快餐”与“速度”和“急躁”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A 项说决定是有联系性的，正确，因为人们将“快餐”与“速度”、“急躁” 联系起来。

21. 【答案解析】正确答案是 B。细节题。根据题干关键词“reverse the negative influences”定位到第四段。第四段主要通过两个例子：“consumer products or housing options”和“female job screeners ”，说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响。即可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案 B 项。

22. 【答案解析】正确答案是 C。细节题。由题干关键信息“John Gottman” 定位到全文倒数第二段。第一句 John Gottman, the marriage expert，explains that we quickly ‘thin

slice’ information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”longterm study.正是答案所在处。其中“ground”是题干中“base on”的同义置换，“longterm study”(长期的研究) 与 C 项“adequate information” 相互呼应。由此可判断出 C 项 adequate information(足够的信息)是正确答案。

23. 【答案解析】正确答案是B。态度题。根据题干关键词“reversing the highspeed trend”定位到最后一段，尤其是最后两句处“Although technology….We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend.”由此我们可以看出作者的态度是非常确定的，因此 B 项optimistic(乐观的)是正确答案。

【全文翻译】

科学家发现，我们虽然易于做出快速的过激反应，但如果我们花点时间设想下我们可能的反应，就可以减少甚至消除快速本能反应所造成的负面影响。

快速决定可能成为重要的防御机制。如果要判断一个人是否具有危险，毫秒间我们大脑和身体就会本能地快速做出反应。但是我们需要更多时间来评估其他因素。研究显示，要准确辨别一个人是否随和友善，我们至少要用一分钟，最好五分钟时间。我们需要花上好一段时间才能判断一个人性格的复杂面，比如他是否神经过敏或心胸开阔。

但是，对快速刺激的快速决策并不仅仅限于人际交流范畴。多伦多大学的心理学家研究发现，注视快餐标志仅几毫秒，可以让我们的阅读速度提高 20%，虽然阅读和饮食毫无关联。我们下意识地将快餐与快速和急躁联系起来，并且将这些冲动带到任何一件我们正在做的事情中。看着快餐商标闪烁，实验对象会认为一首乐曲的时间实在太长了。

然而，我们可以扭转这些影响。如果我们知道自己在看到一张笑脸时，会对于消费品或者购房选择做出过度反应的话(这就是为何优秀的销售代表和房地产中介总是保持微笑)，那么我们可以在购房前先缓一缓。如果我们知道女性招聘官更可能拒绝有魅力的女求职者，我们可以帮助招聘官认识到自己的偏见，或者聘请外部招聘人员。

婚姻专家约翰·戈特曼解释说：只有我们把快速反应建立在对大量信息的长期研究的基础上，我们才能可靠地依靠少量信息做出快速反应。约翰·戈特曼在真正评估一对夫妻是否会长久在一起时，他会邀请他们去岛上待两天，而非两秒，以进行更长期的评家。

我们可以通过暂停来弱化本能反应，这种能力使人类有别于动物：狗只能间歇地或者持续几分钟来思考未来。但是从历史上来看，我们大约花费了 12%的时间来思索更长远的事情。虽然，技术可能改变反应方式，但还没有改变我们的天性。我们仍然拥有想象力去摆脱诱惑，扭转快速反应的趋势。

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