2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题试题
科目名称：外语专业综合(□A卷þB卷)科目代码：620
考试时间： 3 小时 满分 150 分
可使用的常用工具：þ无 □计算器 □直尺 □圆规(请在使用工具前打√)
注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效;考完后试题随答题纸交回。
本试卷由A, B两部分构成;选择题的答案，请考生在答题册上先标明大题，然后再按小题顺序写出小题的阿拉伯数字及相应的最佳答案字母代号。所有题目均须用英语答卷。共七大题，83个小题，小题连续编号。誊写答案时，请按下列格式：
Part A Comprehensive English
I. Synonyms
1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6. 7. 8. 9 . 10.
……
II. Structure.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30 ……
III. Sentence paraphrase.
41.……
IV. Reading comprehension.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50 ……
Part B Linguistics
V. General linguistics knowledge.
56. 57. 58. 59. 60 ……
VI. Explain the terms.
76.
77. ……
VII. Answer the questions.
81.
82.
83.
Part A: Comprehensive English
I. Vocabulary. (25X1’=25 points)
Directions: In this part, there are 25 sentences, each with an underlined word or phrase. Following each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or expression.
1. The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product’s local distributors.
A. potential B. responsive C. inquisitive D. perceptive
2. Jane and Tom have been able to reconcile their difference and are a happy family again.
A. settle B. arrange C. balance D. pacify
3. Giving the child problems he can’t solve will only frustrate him.
A. baffle B. worry C. alarm D. cultivate
4.When we were in the mountains, we often found ourselves entirely enveloped by the fog.
A. confined B. surrounded C. darkened D. blocked
5. Perhaps more than anything else, it was onerous taxes that led to the Peasants Revolt in England in 1381.
A. multiple B. unjust C. burdensome D. infamous
6. In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger than others.
A. distinguished B. estranged C. deferred D. enlarged
7.The United States Food and Drug Administration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle” drugs in recent times.
A. bellicose B. exhausted C. cautious D. strange
8.The plainer a bowerbird’s plumage, the more brightly it decorates its nest to attract a mate.
A. more spectacular B. duller C. flatter D. more melancholy
9. Adverse reviews in the New York press may greatly change the prospects of a new Broadway production.
A. additional B. encouraging C. unfavorable D. subversive
10.The head of the navy heaped scorn on both the methods and motives of the conspirators.
A. admiration B. passion C. contempt D. offense
11. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevail in the forests.
A. dominate B. reproduce C. rebuild D. invade
12.There are still some outdated prejudices lurking in the minds of individuals.
A. existing B. hiding C. remaining D. emerging
13. In buying a suit, a difference of ten cents in price is negligible.
A. negligent B. negotiable C. insignificant D. consequential
14. Don’t meddle in my affairs, and in fact I can handle them properly by myself.
A. interfere B. interest C. involve D. attend
15. Death ensued as a result of suffocation.
A. heart failure B. an accident C. disease D. asphyxiation
16. The report was unusual in that it is insinuated corruption on the part of the minister.
A. denied B. suggested C. reprisal D. loss of profit
17. In mountainous regions, much of the snow that falls is compacted into ice.
A. hauled B. compressed C. compiled D. harnessed
18. The human treatment of prisoners is endorsed by the majority of people in the society.
A. encountered B. endowed C. quenched D. supported
19. After reading Philip Morrison’s paper on gamma-ray astronomy in 1959, a fellow physicist was prompted to ask, “Wouldn’t using gamma-rays be a good way to communicate across the galaxy?”
A. petitioned B. cautioned C. motivated D. requested
20.The typical shoe of the Middle Ages was a soft, clinging moccasin that extended to the ankle.
A. close-fitting B. comfortable C. cleverly made D. leather
21. During the rainy season the Mississippi River may carry away hundreds of acres of valuable topsoil from one area and arbitrarily deposit it in another.
A. subsequently B. lawfully C. mercilessly D. randomly
22. Teachers of young children should scrupulously avoid ridicule and sarcasm.
A. theoretically B. naively C. diligently D. confidently
23. In various parts of the world, the devout participate enthusiastically in public procession during the major events of the liturgical year.
A. pious B. serious C. diseased D. misled
24. They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table.
A. list of items for B. invitations to
C. leftovers of D. preparations for
25. The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious.
A. glorious B. fun C. expensive D. dangerous
II. Structure.
Directions: In this part, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Following each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. (15X1’=15 points)
26. The economic forces which may affect the new pubic offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market, hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses, ______ the interest rates in Washington, and _____ undercapitalized.
A. loosing…fearing the company may still be
B. loosening…a fear of the company still being
C. a loosening of …fearing that the company may still be
D. a loosening of …a fearing that the company may still be
27. School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to _____ any future need/or busing.
A. significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces
B. significant integration increases in housing, which, in turn, reduces
C. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduces
D. increases housing integration significantly, which, in turn, reduce
28. ______ in the United States______.
A. Three out of every four automobile owners……also own a bicycle
B. Out of every four, three automobile owners……also owns a bicycle
C. Three out of every four automobile owners……owns bicycles
D. Out of every four owners of automobiles ……bicycles are also owned by three
29.The relationship between corpulence and disease remains controversial, although statistics clearly _____ reduced life expectance _____ chronic obesity.
A. associate a …to B. associates a….with
C. associates … to D. associate a … with
30. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than _____.
A. they originally seemed B. they originally seem to
C. they seemingly would cost originally D. they seemed originally
31._______a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than______.
A. In Holland, it costs…the spending on military defense in the Untied States
B. In Holland they spend…the United States does on military defense
C. Holland spends…the military defense spending of the United States
D. Holland spends…the United States does on military defense
32. Distinguished architecture requires the expenditure of large sums of money, even if it is by no means certain_____ the expenditure of large sums of money____ distinguished architecture.
A. that…produce B. of…will produce
C. that… produces D. as to…producing
33. _____ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivaling those used in the manufacture of computer chips.
A. For the better of B. Permitting better
C. To better permit D. It is better for
34. If the struggle for a sustainable society_____, we must have some vision of what we are aiming for.
A. is to succeed B. has succeeded C. succeeds D. succeeded
35. Among the first to come and live in North America_____, who later prospered mainly in New England.
A. had been Dutch settlers B. Dutch settlers were there
C. were Dutch settlers D. Dutch settlers had been there
36. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could_____.
A. hear somebody mourn B. hear somebody mourning
C. hear somebody mourned D. hear somebody had been mourning
37. By the end of the year 2004, he _____ in the army for 40 years.
A. will have served B. will serve C. will be serving D. will be served
38. The index of industrial production_____ last year.
A. raised up by 4 percent B. rose up with 4 percent
C. arose up with 4 percent D. went up by 4 percent
39. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered_____ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.
A. a sharp set-back B. severe set-back
C. a severe blown-up D. sharp blown-up
40. Rather than doing this via auction or through private art dealers they can give them to the government, which buys them at an agreed price____ them_____.
A. after having, independently valued
B. after having, independently valuable
C. by having, independently valueless
D. by having, independently value
III. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3’=15 points)
41. No true sense of the rhythms of the seasons is to be had from a lawn in the backyard and a few spindly trees struggling to survive.
42. The free press, indeed, as the main interpreter of American culture and American experience, holds the mirror on American reality—so much so that what the media say is is, even if it’s not that way at all.
43. For the millions of black people like myself—ordinary, hard-working, law-abiding, tax-paying Americans—the media’s blindness to the fact that we even exist, let alone to our contributions to American society, is a bitter cup to drink.
44. He would pull endless wires in order to meet some man who admired his work and was able and anxious to be of use to him.
45. It seems to me that we are in a society that values immediate gratification above all else, and what better place is there to achieve it than in cyberspace, where the cyber-world is your cyber-oyster.
IV. Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. (2’ X 10 = 20 points)
Passage 1
Linguists have understood for decades that language and thought are closely related. Humans construct reality using thought and express these thoughts through the use of language. Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists of two parts, linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism. Supporters of linguistic relativity assume that culture is shaped by language. Terwilliger defines linguistic determinism as the process by which “the functions of one’s mind are determined by the nature of the language which one speaks.” In simpler terms, the thoughts that we construct are based upon the language that we speak and the words that we use. In its strongest sense, linguistic determinism can be interpreted as meaning that language determines thought. In its weakest sense, language partially influences thought. Whorf was careful to avoid authoritative statements which would permanently commit him to particular position.
Because of the broad nature of his statements, it is difficult to distinguish exactly to what extent Whorf believes that language determines thought. Heated debate among modern linguists demonstrates that disagreement exists about the accuracy and correctness of Whorf’s studies and of the actual level of influence of language on thought processes.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis essentially consists of two distinct statements connecting the relation of thought and language. Whorf believes that humans may be able to think only about objects, processes, and conditions that have language associated with them. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis also explains the relationship between different languages (French, English, German, Chinese, and so on) and thought. Whorf demonstrated that culture is largely determined by language. Different cultures perceive the world in different ways. Whorf developed this theory while studying the Hopi Indian tribe. Wharf was amazed that the Hopi language has no words for past, present, and future. The Hopi have only one word for flying objects. A dragonfly, an airplane, and a pilot are defined using the same word. Whorf questioned whether or not the Hopi view the world differently from western people. After further interpretation and analysis he concluded that the Hopi have a sense for the continuum of time despite having no words, to specifically describe past, present, and future.
It is commonly believed that the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis possesses some truth, but the extent to which it is applicable to all situations is questioned. Linguists generally support a “strong” or a “weak” interpretation. Linguists who study the hypothesis tend to cite examples that support their beliefs but are unable or unwilling to refute the opposing arguments. Examples exist that strengthen the arguments of everyone who studies the hypothesis. Nobody has gained significant ground in proving or refuting the hypothesis because the definitions of Sapir and Whorf are very vague and incomplete, leaving room for a significant amount of interpretation.
46. Advocates of linguistic determinism insist that ______.
A. the realities constructed through different languages are different
B. language and thought are intimately related to each other
C. culture is shaped by language through which it expresses itself
D. both the culture and the mind determine the language to be used
47. Whorf himself tends to hold that _______.
A. culture is shaped by language B. language determines thought
C. language partially influence thought D. thoughts are based on language
48. According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, if a culture has more expressions for certain concepts, it shows that ______.
A. these concepts are more important than others
B. the culture is very much advanced and civilized
C. other concepts will be perceived as unimportant
D. these expressions developed earlier in the language
49. Which of the following criticisms is often made of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
A. It has no empirical evidence in its favor.
B. It is formulated on the basis of only one case study.
C. Its applicability has been greatly exaggerated.
D. No convincing example can be found to support its claim.
50. Towards the hypothesis, the author’s attitude seems to be _____.
A. supportive B. objective C. suspicious D. critical
Passage Two
In the absence of optimism, we are left with nothing but critics, naysayers, and prophets of doom. When a nation expects the worst from its people and institutions, and its experts focus exclusively on faults, hope dies. Too many people spend too much time looking down rather than up, finding fault with their country's political institutions, economic system, educational establishment, religious organizations, and--worst of all--with each other.
Fault finding expends so much negative energy that nothing is left over for positive action. It takes courage and strength to solve the genuine problems that afflict every society. Sure, there will always be things that need fixing. But the question is, do you want to spend your time and energy tearing things down or building them up?
The stage of a Broadway show could illustrate my point. Let's say a new production is about to open. A playwright has polished the script, investors have put up the money, and the theater has been rented. A director has been chosen, actors have been auditioned and selected, and the cast has been rehearsing for weeks. Set, lighting, and sound engineers have been hard at work. By the time opening night arrives, nearly a hundred people have labored tirelessly—all working long hours to make magic for their audience.
On opening night, four or five critics sit in the audience. If they pan it, the play will probably close in a matter of days or weeks. If they praise it, the production could go on for along and successful run. In the end, success or failure might hinge on the opinion of a single person--someone who might be in a bad mood on opening night! What's wrong with this scene? In one sense, nothing. Critics have a legitimate role. The problem arises when we make critics our heroes or put them in control of our fate. When we empower the critic more than the playwright, something is wrong. It is much easier to criticize than to create. When we revere the critics of society, we eventually become a society of critics, and when that happens, there is no room left for constructive optimism.
51. According to the author, critics usually _____.
A ignore minor imperfections B. overemphasize flaws
C. see both sides of a coin D. pin their hopes on improvements
52. It can be inferred from the text that if optimism were adopted, _______.
A. no serious problems would arise in society
B. anything could be done with ease
C. some social problems could more possibly be solved
D. people would succeed in getting over all the obstacles
53. The preparation of a Broadway show is mentioned in order to _____.
A. explain that staging a play requires complex teamwork
B. argue that a minute mistake may ruin a lifelong task
C. show that the preparatory stage is imperative to the following ones.
D. illustrate that criticism may block the way to success
54. Compared with the playwrights, the critics are, according to the author______.
A. pretentious rather than honest B. arrogant rather than modest
C. cruel rather than merciful D. destructive rather than constructive
55. The main idea of this passage is _______.
A. the destructive role of utter pessimism
B. achieving success regardless of criticism
C. no cracking down, no building up
D. one should learn to handle stresses
Part B: Linguistics
V. General linguistics knowledge.
Directions: In this part, you are given 20 incomplete statements. Please mark the choice that best completes each statement. (20X1’ = 20 points)
56. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.
A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic
57. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. duality D. Meaningfulness
58. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.
A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable
59. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ______.
A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
60. A historical study of language is _____ study of language.
A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative
61. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from _______ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological
C. applied…pragmatic D. semantic…linguistic
62. language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ __ and meanings.
A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas
63. According to Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance C. langue D. language
64. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called ____.
A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
65. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ______, rather than by instinct.
A. learning B. teaching C. books. D. both A and B
66. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ____.
A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites
C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms
67. The discovery of Indo-Europe language family began with the work of the British scholar ______.
A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir. William Jones
68. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____.
A. unusual B. something to be feared
C. abnormal D. natural
69. _____ produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible.
A. Braca’s aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation
C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernick aphasic
70. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:______.
A. They cannot pronounce /n/
B. Interlanguage interference because there is not the sound/n/ in their mother tongue
C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
71. A word with several meanings is called ______ word.
A. polysemous B. a synonymous C.an abnormal D. a multiple
72. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it ?” is _____.
A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative
73. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.
A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure
74. ______ deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.
A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology
C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics
75. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as ____.
A. +animate+male-human-adult
B. +animate+male+human+adult
C.+animate-male+human-adult
D. +animate-male+human+adult
VI. Explain the following terms. (5X5’=25points)
76. phoneme
77. blending
78. coherence
79. Variational Linguistics
80. cooperative principle
VII. Answer the following questions, supporting your arguments with examples if necessary. (3X10’=30points)
81. What will you say to a statement like “one culture’s meat is another culture’s poison”?
82. As students of linguistics, how should we understand the relationships between functionalism and formalism?
83. Some people maintain that there are no true synonyms. If two words mean really the same, one of them will definitely die out. An example often quoted is the disuse of the word wireless, which has been replaced by radio. Do you agree? In general, what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words are synonymous with each other?
2019年外国语学院研究生入学考试
专业综合试卷答案
B卷
I. Vocabulary. (25X1’=25 points)
1-5 ACABC 6-10 ACBCC 11-15 ABCAD
16-20 BCDCA 21-25 DCACD
II. Structure. (15x1’=15 points)
26-30 DAADA 31-35 DCCDC 36-40 BADAA
III. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3’=15 points)
41. a lawn in the backyard and a few spindle-shaped trees struggling for life are not enough to give the dweller any true sense of the season changes.
42. The media are supposed to present American culture and American experience truthfully by reflecting American reality, and people usually accept news reports as truth without doubt. Unfortunately, in many cases what they present is anything but the truth.
43. Most black people work hard, obey the law and pay all kinds of taxes. We have made our contributions to American society, as all the other Americans have. But the media never notice and cover it. This is really agonizing for the blacks.
44. He would use the influences from as many people as possible to meet his admirer who was readily useful to him.
45. I think that in our society the top priority is given to the satisfaction of one’s immediate needs. The Internet is the best tool for this purpose, for on the Internet one can do whatever he likes to.
IV. Reading Comprehension (10 X2’= 20 points)
46-50 ADACB 51-55 BCDDA
V. General linguistics knowledge. (20X1’ = 20 points)
56-60 CDCDB 61-65 ABCAD
66-70 BDDDB 71-75 ABCAB
VI. Explain the following terms. (5X5’=25 points)
76. phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.
77. blending: is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words. For example: telephone+exchange=telex.
78. coherence: it is the conceptual relationships that comprehenders use to construct a coherent mental representation accommodated by what is said in the discourse. For example: There was a loud knock. I opened the door. Two policemen. This text is short on overt indicator of cohesion but is coherent.
79. Variationist Linguistics: A theoretic framework advanced by William Labov to study how language variation and change take place in different social contexts or geographic districts under the influence of social factors such as economics, education, class, gender, style, and so on. The method it uses is basically quantitative, but qualitative instruments have recently been introduce in this branch of linguistic research for a better description and explanation of the data collected.
80. cooperative principle: this is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim, and manner maxim.
VII. Answer the following questions, supporting your arguments with necessary examples. (3X10’=30 points)
81. In cross-cultural communication, when people have some trouble and don’t know how to behave correctly, they inevitably turn to their source culture for help. This is a strategy often used by communicators is a new cultural setting. Convenient as it is, this strategy may not always work. For too many bad stories can be told to illustrate this point. This is because people from different communities think, behave, and speak differently. If we are not aware of this difference, we may run into trouble. Therefore, a principle that cross-cultural communicators should follow is to understand the target culture by transcending the source culture. Put alternatively, try to do as the Romans do when in Rome.
82. A healthier understanding of the relationships between functionalism and formalism is to regard them as two sides of a coin, rather than two contrasting theories or concepts. Meanwhile, we must also admit that each of them has something rather unique in terms of the selection of theoretical frameworks, perspectives, research concerns, and methods. For instance, when we want to study grammatical issues from a typological perspective, a formal description of the differences in language structure proves to be a more economic and feasible approach. On the other hand, if we attempt to examine issues related to language use, a functional perspective will be a better choice. In either case, there is no absolute contrast between the two, if you want to have a holistic study of linguistic problems.
83. It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. The so-called synonyms always differ from each other one way or another, whether stylistically, connotatively or dialectally. When we say two words are synonymous with each other, we usually mean they have the same conceptual meaning. Concerning the word wireless itself, its British English sense of “radio” indeed died out for many years. But wireless has come back into circulation again with the spread of network, used in the sense of “without a connection via wires”, For example, “And he market for wireless earpieces depends on people’s willingness to look as though they are talking to themselves,” “The point of this standard is to make switching between wireless access points fast” and “The developer claims that his game has been a top-seller on wireless and on retail platforms.
