天津外国语大学
xxxx年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试样题
考试科目：中国哲学简史（仅供参考）
（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上）
（考试时间180分钟。 总分150分。）
xxxx年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试样题
考试科目：中国哲学简史（仅供参考）
（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上）
（考试时间180分钟。 总分150分。）
一、解释下列哲学命题的含义（每题10分，任选六题作答，共60分。）
1、“仁者爱人”（孔子）
2、“道法自然”（老子）
3、“兼爱”（墨子）
4、“齐物论”（庄子）
5、“性善论”（孟子）
6、“众生平等”（佛教）
7、“民胞物与”（张载）
8、“理一分殊”（朱熹）
9、“知行合一”（王守仁）
二、论述题（每题20分，任选三题作答，共60分。）
1、如何理解儒家思想中“天”的内涵？其与基督教的“上帝”观念有何区别？
2、在孔子思想中，“仁”和“礼”之间是怎样的关系？
3、如何理解庄子的“逍遥”思想？其对中国古典美学精神有何影响？
4、如何理解《周易》中的“阴阳”观念？其是如何影响中国人的思维方式的？
5、韩非子如何理解“法”、“术”、“势”三者的关系？
6、如何评价董仲舒“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”思想的内涵与意义？
7、请论述禅宗“明心见性”思想的内容及其影响。
8、程朱学派的“性即理”与陆王学派的“心即理”的异同何在？
9、如何评价“五四新文化运动”的得失？
三、将下列命题译成英语 （每题3分，共15分）
1、儒学
2、无为
3、性善
4、义利
5、佛教
四、阅读下列短文，就划线部分翻译成汉语（每题3分，共15分）
The place which philosophy has occupied in Chinese civilization has been comparable to that of religion in other civilizations. In China, philosophy has been every educated person's concern. In the old days, if a man were educated at all, the first education he received was in philosophy. ①When children went to school, the Four Books, which consist of the Confucian Analects, the Book of Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean, were the first ones they were taught to read. The Four Books were the most important texts of Neo-Confucianist philosophy. Sometimes when the children were just beginning to learn the characters, they were given a sort of textbook to read. This was known as the Three Characters Classic, and was so called because each sentence in the book consisted of three characters arranged so that when recited they produced a rhythmic effect, and thus helped the children to memorize them more easily. This book was in reality a primer, and the very first statement in it is that "the nature of man is originally good." This is one of the fundamental ideas of Mencius' philosophy.
To the Westerner, who sees that the life of the Chinese people is permeated with Confucianism, it appears that Confucianism is a religion. ②As a matter of fact, however, Confucianism is no more a religion than, say, Platonism or Aristotelianism. It is true that the Four Books have been the Bible of the Chinese people, but in the Four Books there is no story of creation, and no mention of a heaven or hell.
Of course, the terms philosophy and religion are both ambiguous, Philosophy and religion may have entirely different meanings for different people. When men talk about philosophy or religion, they may have quite different ideas in their minds concerning them. For my part, what I call philosophy is systematic, reflective thinking on life. ③Every man, who has not yet died, is in life. But there are not many who think reflectively on life, and still fewer whose reflective thinking is systematic. A philosopher must philosophize; that is to say, he must think reflectively on life, and then express his thoughts systematically.
④This kind of thinking is called reflective because it takes life as its object. The theory of life, the theory of the universe, and the theory of knowledge all emerge from this type of thinking. ⑤The theory of the universe arises because the universe is the background of life-the stage on which the drama of life takes place. The theory of knowledge emerges because thinking is itself knowledge. According to some philosophers of the West, in order to think, we must first find out what we can think; that is to say, before we start to think about life, we must first think our thinking.
